Post Bureaucracy And Decentralisation In Intensive Competition Management Essay

Post Bureaucracy And decentralisation In Intensive argument Management EssayOrganisational expression is critical to a comp eachs laboured-hittingness of performance, and organisational structure varies cor do to companies unique contexts. Since 1980s, a growing literature has argued that the age of bureaucratism has ended or is ending, and thither is a fundamental move beyond bureaucracy (Heckscher, 1998, p.2). We ar moving from bureaucracy to post-bureaucracy.Gener aloney speaking, post-bureaucracy includes farm outing, decentralisation, flexible organisational boundaries, the boundaryless heap and net deceaseing (Ackroyd, 1991). Since decentralisation is a very authoritative part of post-bureaucracy, I completelyow for justify it sepa markly. thither atomic number 18 numerous factors that drive organisational structure from bureaucracy to post-bureaucracy, such as lush proficient change, intensive competition, rapidly changing increase markets and customer de mands, and the requirement of flexibility. Cost reduction is overly an important factor to trigger this trend. However, this trend in any case generates nearly concerns and criticism. For speculateing, there whitethorn be shy(predicate) preparation of suit adequate to(p) fiters inconsistency of workflow whitethorn lead to inflexible which is against the flexible trace of post-bureaucracy it go away withal lose ones temper the compensate difference mingled with core workers and periphery workers there whitethorn be in addition reject level of products or services provided and it base result in inefficiency of squadwork. Temporary workers tend to move betwixt companies according to the brook and benefit levels. Beca give of this high flow of manpower, companies may resist to educate employees. It provide excessively be more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) difficult for unions and government to influence such decentralised forms.In this paper, I p ull up s tamp downs first ripple close the definition of post-bureaucracy and decentralisation then I testament explain the reasons why companies atomic number 18 fascinated approximately post-bureaucracy and decentralisation and finally, I will discuss and evaluate concerns and criticism of such trend and their validity.Main trunkWhat is Post-Bureaucracy and decentralization?Generally speaking, post-bureaucratic organisational structure is about moving away from bureaucratic organisational structure and it is about decentralisation, corporation and networking. Post-bureaucracy blurs the boundaries among companies and countries, and post-bureaucracy encourage interorganisational transactionhips which include strategical alliance, stick back, outsourcing/ subcontracting, unilateral tallyment and network organisation (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2004, p. 557-560). Post-bureaucratic organisational structure stresses spontaneity, empowerment, participation, decentralisation, fle xibility, d witnesssized and delayered, and team work among the organisation and its environment (Ackroyd, 2002 Maravelias, 2003). The autonomy existing in post-bureaucratic structure is much more than it is in bureaucratic structure. match to Heckscher and Donnellon (1994), in order to successfully build post-bureaucratic structure, there must be whatsoever trust beca persona by dint of this structure, there will be umteen cognition and information sharing, interaction and corporation. Unlike bureaucratic model which is about operate participants, post-bureaucratic structure requires persuading participants (Heckscher and Donnellon, 1994). One of the most obvious features of post-bureaucracy is subcontracting which implicates using actor irregular workers to work out specific tasks that utilize to be conducted by companies direct workers (Rees and Fielder, 1992). Post-bureaucracy hatefuls decentralised on many aspects of organisation however, it does non mean that th ere is no domination at all (Josserand et al, 2006). No emergence how decentralised an organisation is, it still requires some degree of control and hierarchies to start out sure the company is on the right direction.Decentralisation means that companies transmit the power of decision-making to lower levels of groups (Schermerhorn et al, 1994). The lower levels of groups do not necessarily mean management groups it atomic follow 50 be any sub-units deep down the company. With the delegation, such groups goat enjoy a degree of autonomy or independence (Mullins, 2005, p.1053). Decentralisation usually associated with fewer hierarchies, wider span of control and free flow of conceits (Mullins, 2005). Mullins also mentioned that there are many advantages of decentralisation, such as increased employees motivation, busy responsiveness to local changes and changed support services.Why are Post-Bureaucracy and Decentralisation fascinated?Companies are fascinated and apply more about post-bureaucracy and decentralisation because they drop many advantages which contribute to the effectiveness of companies performance. There are many factors encourage companies to move from bureaucracy to post-bureaucracy.First, the fast change of technology requires companies to merged and works together (Mayle, 2006). This is particularly important for high-technology, innovation industries and telecommunication companies because technological change is more obvious in those industries. No matter how many highly clever expertises a company has, there are everlastingly some technologies it fagnot develop by itself or get approach to. However, done corporation and networking, companies tooshie make out the latest information and technology-based knowledge. The wide grade of information allows people to conduct their jobs more effectively (Guetzkow, 1965). This is similar with DeGeuss idea of organizational learning which means organizations learn from each other and improve during the process of corporation (see Schneier, 1994). DeGeus argued that through organizational learning, it cares companies to better adopt and expedite to dynamic change and then sack improvement. Corporation and networking nookie also table service companies to gain competitive advantages (Porter, 1996). This is true because each company has its own technological strength. If companies can share their own strength with others, there will be mutual benefits. If companies cannot follow the innovative technological change, they may any produce with higher price or involve lower productivity.Second, orbiculate and intensive competition requires companies to move towards post-bureaucracy, such as subcontracting and outsourcing. Because of the intensive competition, companies take on to subjugate production tolls or improve productivity in order to stay in task and gain competitive advantages. The briny reason that companies are using agencies is the requir ement of reducing bear on cost (Ward et al, 2001). There are a wide variety of outsourcing, such as technology services outsourcing (software, telecommunications et al) and business process outsourcing (accounting, logistics et al) (Offshoring Times, 2009). Companies can also source HR functions to reduce labour cost. For example, BP Amoco outsourced its human resource function to a US-based company-Exult and Exult helped BP with almost all HR functions, such as demanding, employee relations and recruitment and for the first year of their contracting, BP successfully cut its cost from US$350 million to $250 million (Pickard, 2000).The third reason is the rapidly changing product market and customer demands force companies to corporate with each other. Because of the rapid changing environment, companies need to adjust their production readily and effectively. For example, Apple shares some inhering information with its partners, such as software developers, sub-system supplies and dealers, and they work together to help Apple predict sales and adjust its production according to the prognostication (Bahrami, 1992). Because of globalisation, business can be operated all over the world or else of limiting within a single country or a local area. It is costly and catchy to start a new business in another area because regulation may be not the very(prenominal) as it is in home country, and customer preference may be incompatible as well. However, if companies can adopt the strategy of joint venture, boundaries will not be a problem. Companies can also make favourable use of each others resources. For example, there was a joint venture between West European companies and companies in the ex-Soviet block. One party provided enthronement and experts, and the other provided labour and entry to the markets (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2004, p558). In this way, they shared their production factors as well as getting access to markets.For network and partnerships, such as strategic alliance, there are many advantages, such as more access to resources and diversity of perspectives (Sturtevant and Lange, 1996). Strategic alliance can help companies to share resources and work efficiently. For example, in 1991, IBM, Apple and Motorola conducted a project (PowerPC) together during the project, IBM provided their reduced instruction set computing microprocessor technology to Motorola and then Motorola produced high-speed PowerPC chips for both Apple and IBM (Bertrand, 1992 as cited in Sengupta et al, 1998, p27). Greater flexibility, risks-sharing and options-generating can be achieved through partnerships (Evans, 1982). Partnerships can also help companies to respond quickly to unexpected change and adjust to it more efficiently (Hart, 1937).Some argued that companies use subcontracting and outsourcing in order to weaken trade unions negotiate power (as cited in Wallis, 2000, p730). Trade unions slackly focus their attention on a unionised di rect workforce. Therefore, companies can take advantage of this feature and undermine trade unions bargaining power. According to Prowse and Turner (1996), during the 1984-5 strike on scorch industry, NCB introduced subcontracting on some coal-site tasks in order to fragment workforce and undermine take aimd labour force power in coal industry.Through subcontracting and outsourcing, pinch from hard, dangerous or boring tasks can be decreased. For some highly repeated low- practised tasks, such as switching buttons, the turnover rate rate is high because this kind of tasks requires almost no knowledge about the company, so it is a good idea to use procedure workers to reduce employees pressure. This is also the case for some dangerous and unhealthy jobs. For example, for some strong-noisy jobs, no matter how good the protection device is, it is still naughtiness for workers tryout if it lasts for a long time. It is humanity to use antithetic people for shortsighted times. This is regular(a) the case in hospitals. In the accident and emergency department, staffs pressure is high because working in this department requires speed, efficiency and it often associated with some bloody occasion (Purcell et al, 2004). If hospitals can outsource some jobs to maestro agencies, jobs can be completed as well as reducing employees pressure.There are other reasons that attract companies to use subcontracting and outsourcing. Subcontracting give employers chances to get access to specialist skills unavailable within the company (Holmes, 1986). For example, according to RJB Mining representatives, through subcontractors, they can get workers with specialist skills to undertake discontinuous tasks (Wallis et al, 2000, p.729). For hi-tech industries, it is sometimes hard to find highly- masterly workers within local areas. For example, ICTUK, a company which provided calculating machine service to guest companies, found that it was hard to find employees with skill s they needed so, ICTUK used Indian agency that provided required employees from India to UK (Purcell et al, 2004, p712). Because tasks are contrasting at different time, if the company keeps all handy workers as direct workers, it will be costly. By using subcontractors, company can get needed workers as well as saving money. Another reason companies prefer to subcontractors is that it will be cheaper through outsourcing. Since they are working(prenominal) workers, the rate of indemnify is usually lower than direct workers and companies do not need to provide some benefits to workers from contracting companies, such as holiday pay (Rees and Fielder, 1992). By using subcontracting, companies can also subdue investment in the latest machines and tools, which can save companies lot money (Lorenz, 1998). In addition to that, workers from contracting companies can conduct tasks more quickly than companies direct workers because they tend to focus on specific areas and require littl e or no training on needed skills (Wallis et al, 2000). It is also believed that using subcontracting can help companies to avoid team spirit problems on laying off continuous employees (Kalleberg, 2003).Problems and Concerns about Decentralisation and Post-BureaucracyAlthough there are many advantages of post-bureaucracy and decentralisation, there are still concerns and problems they are inefficiency of the supply of skilled workers, hard for contractors to recruit and keep employees, imbalanced treatment between core workers and periphery workers, less control of temporary workers and their work, hard for government and unions to regulate, not good for teamwork within companies, and training programs constraint. Criticism of post-bureaucracy happened mostly in subcontracting. For subcontracting, concerns and problems mainly come from three aspects-the supply of labour (contractors), the demand of labour (client companies) and the government and unions.It is argued that the con tractor sometimes experience stingy supply of skilled/suitable labour which can cause problems (MacKenzie, 2000). Mackenzie mentioned that the insufficient supply of skilled/suitable labour cause problems to both contractors and client companies. For contractors, if they do not have the skilled workers to satisfy other companies need, they will have bad reputation, and their business will endanger and encounter close down. For companies which want to use agencies, if they cannot find the suitable workers they want, and hard to recruit direct workers, they will each complete these tasks with bad quality or not complete these tasks at all. The other problem faced by contractors is that it is hard for them to retain employees from different levels. Temporary workers are quite fluid, and sometimes contractors are not able to provide people required by client companies people who work as temporary workers tend to move to contractors who provide the best pay rates (MacKenzie, 2000, p.71 5). It is not attainable for contractors to offer the highest pay rate all the time, so it is difficult for them to keep skilled workers at different times. This is especially true when the product market is competitive. Purcell argued that within competitive market, specialist skilled workers are usually in high demand and they often chose to work for contractors who offer the highest bidder or achieve employment flexibility that fits in with their preferences instead than the employers (Purcell, et al, 2004, p.713). Because of the feature of highly fluid labour force, contractors tend to restraint and avoid training programs (MacKenzie, 2000, p.718). Through BTs case, he argued that BTs loss of answer workers discourage BT to train its employees because BT was afraid that workers might leave the company afterward training. BTs reaction is reasonable. erect imagine, if BT keeps training all its employees with whatever the latest market requires, BT will of consort get qualifi ed skilled workers. But, because workers tend to move towards best pay and benefits provision, finally, BT may end up with loss of qualified workers, and at the like time, it may increase its competitors competitive advantage because competitors get the qualified workers that BT have trained.It is believed that the client companies also take risks during subcontracting. The most obvious one is that they cannot of all time get the employees they want. If companies rely on subcontractors as traditions, once there is insufficient supply of skilled workers, companies may intuitive feeling hard to recruit qualified workers (MacKenzie, 2000, p.716). For employees who get the required skills do not mean that they will complete the tasks correctly and effectively. Therefore, even if companies get skilled workers, there is also the contingency that they may interrupt the workflow or project (Roque, 2009). Based on Roques own experience, subcontract workers sometimes make decisions without asking client companies which may cause problems because they do not know the companies very well subcontractors may also miss their deadlines or break their contracts. If the outsourced tasks are part of the social unit project, ineffectively completing of those tasks can affect the project as a whole. Whats more, if managers in client companies do not know how to effectively use subcontract workers, there will be also risks of completing tasks ineffectively (Lyytinen and Ropponen, 2000). It is also complained that using temporary workers can lead to less effective teamwork (Purcell et al, 2004, p.715). They argued that since temporary workers are from outside of the company, they know little about the companys finishing and doing things differently from direct workers. Because there is no direct control or less control from client companies, the quality of products and services provided by subcontract workers is not guaranteed. During research conducted in hospitals, Purcell e t al found that temporary agency staff can cause problems on quality control and persistence of patient care which add more pressure on regular staff in hospitals (2004, p. 718). If a company does not have any experience on decentralisation, decentralisation may not be helpful. For example, after applying decentralisation, there will be small groups of workers and those small groups may feel aimless or they may work towards wrong directions (Bahrami, 1992, p. 37).For government and unions, it is hard to regulate and intervene. According to Lorenz (1998), the agreements between contractors and client companies are never in written form except for the order form. Lorenz also argued that because of these incomplete contracts, they cannot use courts to resolve disputes they can only solve disputes, misunderstandings and ambiguities through discussion until they agree with each other. Then, it will be harder for government to intervene in disputes happened between those two parties. The triangular relationships in employment are especially hard to handle (Deakin, 2001). governing bodys are trying to regulate subcontracts, and there is extra subcontract administration cost added to governments ordinary costs (Howell, n.d.). In addition, it is argued that through decentralization, some macroeconomic policies are harder to implement and finally decrease stability (Prudhomme, 1994). For unions, it is easier for them to organise stable direct workers and the emergence of temporary work agencies give unions new challenges to organise and regulate this kind of labour force because most of those temporary worker are not stable, and they move between companies, even between industries (Heery, 2004). In addition to that, many skilled workers have left unions and pass self-employed open shop workers or employees of specialty subcontractors (as cited in Perng et al, 2005, p.1). In this way, union membership will decline, and unions bargaining powers will be weakened.It is po ssible that decentralisation costs companies more. Because of the centralised structure, companies can allocate and distribute resources more centralised and effectively. According to Lyons and Bailey (1993), through decentralisation, cost advantages, such as economies of scale, may be diminished.One advantage of subcontracting is that it can foster work flexibility. However, this is not always the case. Based on MacKenzies study about telecommunication industry, because workloads were different at different times, number of temporary workers required was different as well (2000). Using subcontractors supposed to be flexible, but contractors were not contented by the inconsistency of workflows. Therefore, in order to achieve agreements, client companies move to make forecasts about workloads and tried to stay with that. According to Atkinson and Meager (as cited in MacKenzie, 2000), the effort of trying to manipulate workloads was contravene the flexible feature of contracting.It is argued that pay and benefits for core workers within companies and periphery workers in contractor firms are not equal. According to Atkinson and Gregory (as cited in Wallis et al, 2000), Workers who stay in the company permanently are core workers, and they enjoy great pay and benefit packages, and they usually do not need to worry about unemployment however, for the periphery workers (subcontracting workers, temporary workers, odd-job(prenominal) workers and self-employed workers), their jobs are insecure. It is also argued that the pay rate on the same kind of job is different for core workers and periphery workers (Mangum et al, 1985 Kalleberg, 2003). It is unfair treatment. According to Callaghan and Hartmann, because of subcontracting, there is a two-tiered system of employment, which means that core workers have good pay, benefits, opportunities for training and job security while peripheral workers have lower wages, no benefits, worked in low-skilled jobs with few traini ng opportunities, and face significant job instability and insecurity (see Smith, 1997, p. 328). However, temporary workers are not always in worse conditions compare with core workers. Purcell et al (2004) stated that for some professional agencies, such as nurses, the hourly pay rate for temporary nurses was even higher than the NHS-employed average nurses. No matter whose pay rate is higher, generally speaking, there are imbalanced treatment on pay and benefits between core workers and peripheral workers.ConclusionPost-bureaucracy encourages subcontracting, decentralisation, corporation and network. Companies with post-bureaucratic structure usually have loose management style, wider span of control and fewer hierarchies. Therefore, there will be greater autonomy within company which motivate employees to take responsibilities and contribute more to the company. Decentralisation is part of post-bureaucracy, and it is about giving more power to lower levels of work units. Small un its can thus respond quickly to instant changes.Post-bureaucracy and decentralisation attract organisations because of both outside and indoors incentives. It is generally about either reducing production costs, improving productivity or get resources, knowledge, information and technologies that are not available within one company. Through subcontracting, companies can get different levels of skilled employees that are not available within companies. In this way, companies can adjust number of workers used according to market change and periodical workload. Companies can also avoid bad reputation of dismissing employees all the time. Through subcontracting, labour cost can also be decreased because temporary workers pay rate tends to be lower than direct workers. Contract workers usually complete tasks quickly because they are focus on specific areas and require little or no training. Through network and partnership, companies can get wider simulacrum of resources and informatio n. Companies can also contribute its own strength to the same project in order to get the best result. Through partnership, companies can share risks on unknown or new areas and get a wide range of perspectives from experts. By learning from each other, companies can always follow the fast changing technology, product market and customer demand.Although there are so many fantastic advantages that attract organisations to move to post-bureaucracy, there are also concerns and problem associated with it, and most of the problems focus on subcontracting. The insufficient supply of skilled/suitable workers from contractors is a big problem for both contractors and client companies. Because of the insufficient supply, contractors may lose clients and get bad reputation while for client companies, without these required workers, tasks cannot be completed. This insufficient supply mainly due to that temporary workers tend to move towards best pay and benefit provision. This phenomenon may a lso lead to companies restrain training programs. Through subcontracting, there is a danger that products/services may be provided in poor quality because of the restrain control by client companies. In addition, many people complained about the imbalanced treatment between core workers and periphery workers. Generally speaking, on the aspects of pay rate, benefit package, training provision and job security, periphery workers are in worse condition compared with situation for core workers. Whats more, segmentation of workforce is also hard for government and unions to organise and regulate.According to the concerns and problems mentioned above, post-bureaucracy still has a long way to improve. Solutions can be provided based on the problems. Government and unions can make special rules for those labour companies can keep some(prenominal) contractors instead of one in order to get needed workers all the time client companies and contractors can try to balance core workers and temp orary workers pay and benefit package together and client companies can parcel out certain people from own companies to supervise subcontracting workers work, and make sure they are in good quality.